updated work

contact cards

CONTACT CARD 2

contact card 1

child abuse billboard

child labour

FINAL SOLDIER BILLBOARDS (TEXTURE VARIATION)

final child soldier poster design (texture variation between both)

2 final poster variations and 1 final billboard for child labour

final aids poster and billboard design

http://www.worldvision.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.1516

Uganda: child abuse rampant

Uganda: child abuse rampant

The results of a World Vision HIV and AIDS survey have revealed rampant child sexual abuse in Uganda and have been presented to the country’s government.

World Vision shared information with the Uganda government’s departments of Probation and Social Welfare, Education, Gender and Community Development, Police for child protection, Health Services and with other NGOs such as One World Uganda.

Although findings revealed that World Vision’s ‘Channels of Hope’ and Community Care Coalitions models proved to be effective in transforming people’s attitudes towards those affected by HIV and AIDS, sexual abuse is the biggest problem facing children in Kiboga district, in the central province of Uganda, where the survey was conducted.

According to the survey, sexual coercion was found to be a prominent factor in children’s initiation of sexual intercourse. The findings revealed that although girls were significantly more likely to report their first sexual encounter as ‘coerced’, significant proportions of boys experienced sexual abuse as well.

World Vision Katwe Area Development Programme Manager, Martin Okello, said that the assessment sampled 511 households and more than 2,000 girls and boys aged between 10-17 were interviewed. At the baseline study, 60 percent of girls aged 10-17 were sexually abused and after World Vision’s awareness intervention, this was reduced to 53 percent. Some 13 percent of boys aged 10-17 were sexually abused, with the number remaining the same after awareness intervention.

At the national level, according to statistics from African Network for Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN), child sexual abuse is the most common form of abuse in Uganda and is on the increase.

“Sexual abuse is unacceptably increasing in Uganda. In 2006 alone, Uganda Police recorded 5,693 cases of defilement. This is alarmingly high considering that most sexual abuse cases are never reported,” said Topher Mugumya, Programme Officer at ANNPPCAN.

“We have on our hands children with ruptured sexual organs, STIs including HIV and AIDS, children begetting children, children with low self-esteem and innumerable school dropouts,” Topher continued.

Statistics in Kiboga district indicate that the HIV infection rate in Katwe Sub County, where the survey was carried out, is at 17 percent compared to the national rate of 6.7 percent, according to the Uganda Ministry of Health.

World Vision’s HIV and AIDS Team Leader, Jenninah Kabiswa, said that child sexual abuse, as the biggest problem to children everywhere in Uganda, is not being properly addressed by the relevant Uganda line ministries and national and international agencies operating in the country.

World Vision is in the process of modifying its HIV prevention model to go beyond training children to become peer educators. It also aims to include positive parenting, and empower communities to carry out advocacy against issues such as child sexual abuse.

“We are trying to get as many players as we can on board to take up the issues with people in governments and schools so that we come up with approaches to curb the sexual abuse that is crippling the future of very many children,” said Jenninah.

3 August 2007

http://www.vinyl-banners.co.uk/billboard_poster_sizes.htm

Standard Billboard Poster Sizes
4 Sheet
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32 Sheet
48 Sheet
64 Sheet
96 Sheet

http://www.ehow.com/how_16618_advertise-billboard.html

How to Advertise on a Billboard

By an eHow Contributor

Billboard advertising is a high-impact way of getting your advertising message across. It's also one of the most cost-effective ways to make sure everyone knows you mean business.

Difficulty:

 

Moderate

Instructions

1. • 1
     Consider carefully whether this will be money well spent. The initial cash outlay for outdoor advertising varies according to the market, but is more expensive than many other advertising methods. However, given the fact that thousands of people per day may be exposed to your message, billboards are very cost-effective.
   • 2
     Decide who you want to reach with your advertising message and select the appropriate size billboard. Take into consideration the cost of various sizes of billboards. If your company has a physical location, use a smaller sign to direct traffic to your place of business.
   • 3
     Check out billboard sizes: Typical billboards are 14 by 48 feet, 12 by 24 feet (30-sheet) and 5 by 11 feet (8-sheet). The largest sign is the one you most often notice along the freeway. With this sign you get the maximum exposure. Because of the different placement requirements for smaller signs, as the sign decreases in size, the market exposed to the message becomes smaller and more centralized.
   • 4
     Find someone to design your billboard. Most advertising agencies have a department that handles outdoor advertising, and the billboard companies themselves have in-house designers to assist you with your ad.
   • 5
     Stay involved during the entire process. Don't let yourself get pushed aside in the design phase, and speak up if you feel that the placement of your billboards is not adequate.
   • 6
     Physically monitor the rotation and placement of your signs. Notify the company immediately if you discover your ads are not being placed as agreed.

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Tips & Warnings

• You can have any ad agency design your billboard, but it's more cost-effective to let the billboard company design your advertising.
• Remember your billboard is not supposed to go into great detail. The function of billboard advertising is primarily to reinforce advertising messages that you've been putting out using other media. Your audience is on the move, so make your message brief and eye-catching.

Read more: How to Advertise on a Billboard | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_16618_advertise-billboard.html#ixzz1K5Pz7RHY

http://ideas.repec.org/p/aer/rpaper/rp_167.html

Despite the prevalence and the many dangers associated with child labour, the phenomenon has received the attention of researchers, academicians and policy makers only recently, and not until International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates showed a large and increasing number of working children worldwide. It is now recognized that in order to combat child labour effectively, policies should be grounded in an informed understanding of its causes, roles and implications. This study uses data from the 1992, 1999 and 2002 Uganda National Household Surveys to explore the extent, determinants and forms of child labour in a poor but growing economy. Of note here is that over this period Uganda introduced universal and compulsory primary education. The study highlights the extent, characteristics and determinants of child labour in Uganda and their evolution over the decade. The theoretical framework is a standard household production model that analyses the allocation of time within the household. Using probit and tobit models, we estimate the determinants of child labour for the individual child worker. The results indicate that child labour is still common, widespread and starts at an early age in Uganda, although it has reduced significantly over the years. Education and formal employment of the household head significantly decrease the probability that a child will work. Household welfare is another indicator of child labour, as poor households are more likely to have working children. A comparison of the three data sets reveals an increase in the percentage of children combining work and study over time. Nevertheless, the likelihood of child labour increases with the age of the child. The findings provide important results for informing policies to reduce, and possibly eliminate, child labour in the country.

uganda child labour stats based on, based on demographic and health surveyhttp://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipecinfo%2Fproduct%2Fdownload.do%3Ftype%3Ddocument%26id%3D739&rct=j&q=child%20labour%20uganda&ei=4NiuTbygIcmi8QOpuLzhBA&usg=AFQjCNHSs-Yz7lQquW1FQAPM523Ju1F3Mw y 200-01 (

it is estimated that there are about 2.7 million working children in uganda, giving an overall participation rate of 34.2% . more than half of the working children are aged 10-14 . notable is also the fact that 1 third of these children are less than 10 years old, the number of working children aged 5-17 years attending primary school were estimated to be about 1.9 million.  more than 300.000 children in this age group had recieved no formal education. the eastern region of uganda is reported to have the highest population of children workers. page 10 of report.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7120484.stm

Ugandan justice 'fails on rape'

Women in the north often do not report sexual abuse The Ugandan justice system is tacitly condoning sexual violence against women and girls in the north of the country, Amnesty International says in a report.The vast majority of sexual abuse cases were not reported because most victims had lost hope that perpetrators would be jailed, the human rights group said. "Violence against women is endemic throughout Uganda," a spokesman said. The 21-year conflict in the north with Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels had exacerbated the problem, he said.  The situation remains grim, despite the recent cessation of hostilities  Amnesty's Godfrey Odongo The LRA built a reputation for mutilating their victims and kidnapping thousands of children to serve as fighters, porters and sex slaves. Despite last year's truce between the army and LRA, the region remains insecure and an estimated 1.5m people still remain in displacement camps. A spokesman for Uganda's judiciary dismissed the allegations. 'Insult to injury' Forms of violence that Amnesty reports include rape, child sexual abuse and physical assault - perpetrated especially in camps. Some 1.5m people still live in camps because of the conflict The victims told Amnesty researchers that the abusers included government forces, law enforcement officers, official authorities, local council leaders, spouses and relatives. "The situation remains grim, despite the recent cessation of hostilities," said Godfrey Odongo, Amnesty's researcher in Kampala. "The horrific violence committed during the many years of conflict in northern Uganda continues to aggravate discrimination against women and girls in the area today," he said. The report says police are often reluctant to investigate cases involving soldiers and Ugandan law does not recognise marital rape as a criminal offence. "Adding insult to injury, the justice system operating in northern Uganda is grossly inadequate in ensuring the protection of these women and girls - almost always allowing the perpetrators to walk free," Mr Odongo said. Police sometimes demand money to investigate cases and victims are can be asked to pay costs such as providing lunch for investigating officers or to feed the suspect in detention, the report says. Amnesty called for immediate government action to ensure that justice was served in cases of sexual violence. A judiciary spokesman said the criticisms were not fair. "It's not true that the judiciary has let down the victims of sexual abuse," Elias Kisawuzi told the BBC's Network Africa programme. "Until recently we were adversely affected by the war situation in terms of capacity," he said. But more magistrates and judges had been dispatched to the area since the security situation had improved, he said.

http://www.har.interconnection.org/

http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27378.html

http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/docs/ed_ug.pdf

http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=53593

http://www.charlenesproject.org/index.php/latest-news

http://www.education-africa.com/wiki/index_en.php?title=Uganda_(EN)

http://www.education-africa.com/wiki/index_en.php?title=Uganda_(EN)

http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/katineblog/2008/may/23/ugandawillachieveitsmillen

http://www.salveinternational.org/id5.html

Ugandan Schools: an overview Education is the key element for anyone wanting to improve on their situation and to move towards a better future. In Uganda there are many, many people competing for a limited number of good jobs, and without a decent education there is very little chance of ever landing one. However, getting that education in the first place is a huge challenge. During his time in office, Museveni, the Ugandan President, has been keen to promote free primary education for all. Whilst this may be a noble goal in theory, the reality is somewhat different. Despite these ideologies, Uganda has very few free government schools, and those that do exist are hugely oversubscribed. It is not uncommon for classes to have well over one hundred students a-piece, with very little in the way of facilities, and unmotivated, over-worked teachers heading them. This means that for most of the population, especially those who want a good education, the only real option is private school. In Uganda, private schools vary enormously in fees and quality, and sadly, with so many large families in one country, there is rarely enough money to go around. This means that many children are left sitting at home, waiting for their relatives to try to scrape together enough money to send them to school. However, matters are made worse by the fact that there are many extra school requirements to pay for on top of fees. From brooms and blankets to school books and shoe polish, each child must turn up at the gates with everything asked of them, or else they will simply be sent back home. It is a seemingly impossible task for many children and their families to fund an education, and a lot of children only manage to pay part of their fees. This is a common occurrence, and however hard a child has worked at school, if they can't pay their fees in full they are not given their school reports or exam certificates. Their whole year of learning is effectively made worthless. Consequently, many children end up changing schools every term, building up debts wherever they go as they simply can't afford to pay them.

The Ugandan Education System     The Ugandan school year starts in February and finishes in December. The first term runs from February to April, the second term from May until early August, and the third term from September to December. This is why at S.A.L.V.E. International we ask for our sponsorship payments to be made three times a year, on January 1st, May 1st and September 1st in order to correspond with school fees being paid. Alternatively, you can choose to pay your sponsorship costs in one yearly lump sum on January 1st. The Ugandan Education system follows a fairly similar pattern to that in Britain. Children are in primary school for seven years (Primary 1- Primary 7), and then continue through secondary school for the next six years (Senior 1- Senior 6).  The three most important school years for a child in Uganda are: - Primary 7: All students must take leaving exams which will determine which secondary school they go to. - Senior 4: O-Level year. - Senior 6: A-Level year. At S.A.L.V.E. International, we want to see all of the children that we support go to school up until the end of Senior 4. After Senior 4 we will talk seriously with the child about what they think their future holds, and from there we will make the decision as to whether they should continue on to A-Levels or whether they should move on to vocational training. Once they have completed this next stage of their education, their sponsor is no longer expected to support them. However, if the child is bright enough to go on to university, and the sponsor wishes to support them, we will be extremely happy for the sponsorship to continue, and we will offer our support in any way we can. The Ugandan school system is very competitive. There are so many children who want an education, that schools all over the country are able to pick and choose the best students in order to improve their grade average and national standing. Testing is relentless for students, as every term they have to take exams as well as having ongoing assessments of their performance; based on their results they are given a grade and a position in their class. If the child is successful, they can move in to the next class in the New Year. However, if their performance is poor they may have to repeat the school year again.  As many of the children in our program have been out of education for a long time, it may take a while for their results to improve. This is understandable and expected as they have a lot of adjustments to make in their new life. As they enter their primary school, they will undergo an aptitude test in order to determine their school year. The results of this are not necessarily based on what they know, but rather on how quickly they can learn. Thus, the child may be placed a couple of classes higher than when they were last in school, leaving them with quite a bit of catching-up to do. This is why we pay for our children to get extra lessons when they first re-enter school, helping them to catch-up with their classmates much quicker than they would do otherwise. Classes in Uganda are not based on age because a lot of children drop out and re-enter school based on whether or not they can afford to pay the school fees. This means that the children in our program might be in classes with students who are a lot older or a lot younger than them. Whilst this may seem strange to us, it is of no consequence in Uganda, as the most important factor is that they all want to learn!    If you were to ask any child in Uganda if they would prefer to go to boarding school or day school, the answer would almost always come back as boarding school. In Ugandan boarding schools, children are provided with a much better education, as students get to fully concentrate on their studies and receive extra classes in the evenings. It is hard to be a teacher in Uganda, as you are faced with such large class sizes and poor resources that it is incredibly difficult for you to give one-to-one attention to those students who need it most. When the day-school pupils go home after classes, the teachers are at last able to work on a more individual basis with the boarders. That is why at S.A.L.V.E. International we want all children in our program to attend boarding school, where they will receive the best education that they can get. They have been through so much already in their short lives that we want to give them the best chance possible to move forward and to shape their future for themselves.     Improving School Facilities   Schools in Uganda face huge challenges due to their lack of facilities. This makes it far harder for the children to learn and for the teachers to teach to a reasonable standard. Imagine schools that are often only half built, without textbooks or any kind of teaching aids beyond a blackboard to help stimulate the children's minds. If a school does improve its facilities, it also has to raise its fees in order to cover the improvement costs. This of course means that fewer families in the community can then afford to send their children to the school to make use of the better facilities. That is why at S.A.L.V.E. International we want to fundraise for the school(s) we send our sponsored children to. Not only do we want to improve their education, but we want to improve the education of hundreds of other children in the community also. If the money for the improvements comes from an outside source, the school does not need to raise its prices to compensate for them. Thus, a better education remains more affordable for all, helping us to achieve our aim of an education for all. Click here to return to 'Where We Work' Enter content here Queuing up for porridge at break-time.   Primary Education   Children in Primary school take four main subjects, English, Maths, Science and SST. SST stands for Social Studies, a subject that includes Geography, History and Religious Studies. There is also the option of taking Agriculture as a fifth subject, depending on whether the school provides this option or not. They are examined at the end of every term in each of these subjects. Grade boundaries for primary school: Distinction = 100 - 80 % Credit = 79 - 50% Pass = 49 - 30% Fail = 29 - 0%  Secondary Education Children in secondary school take a wide variety of subjects with English, Maths and Science (Biology, Chemistry and Physics) as the key subjects. For each subject, a child is given grades based on their exam performance: Division 1 = 100-81 % Division 2 = 81-72 % Class 3 = 72-68 % Class 4 = 68-61 % Class 5 = 61-53 % Class 6 (Fail) = 53-0 %

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